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Views: 101 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2025-02-24 Origin: Site
Photoelectric, acoustic and thermal power empowers all scenes, why does BDD Diamond lead the way?
Diamond, as a multifunctional ultra-extreme material, stands out among many natural substances. It has a series of outstanding characteristics, such as the highest hardness, which makes it irreplaceable in the field of material processing; extremely high resistivity, ensuring its unique advantages in electrical insulation; extremely high thermal conductivity, making it an ideal choice to solve heat dissipation problems; extremely low thermal expansion coefficient, ensuring good dimensional stability in temperature changing environments; extremely wide spectral transmission range, spanning from 225nm in the ultraviolet to 25μm in the infrared (only wavelength 1.8μm - Except for the 2.5μm range), it can maintain excellent transmittance even in the microwave range, showing great application potential in the optical field; its very wide bandgap provides a key foundation for its application in semiconductor devices; its extremely high carrier mobility helps achieve efficient electron transmission; and its very good chemical stability can maintain its properties in a variety of complex environments. These properties make diamond show excellent application prospects in many high-tech fields such as optics, electricity, acoustics, thermal, mechanics and electrochemistry. However, natural diamond cannot meet the needs of large-scale applications due to factors such as its scarcity and limited size. Therefore, the artificial synthesis technology of diamond materials has become the core key to promote its widespread application.
Diamond, commonly known as 'diamond', is the hardest substance in nature. At the same time, it also has excellent properties such as high chemical inertness, high thermal conductivity, low friction coefficient, ultra-wide bandgap, and wide spectral transmittance. It plays a pivotal role in high-end advanced manufacturing fields such as precision processing, electrochemistry, optical windows, heat sinks, and semiconductor devices. However, natural diamond has shortcomings such as non-renewable, high mining costs, scarce reserves, small particle size, and difficult to control impurities, which greatly limits its wide application in industrial production. Based on this, synthetic diamond has become a better choice for industrial manufacturing applications because it has exactly the same physical and chemical properties as natural diamond.
Diamond is a typical covalently bonded crystal with a cubic crystal structure. In its crystal structure, the middle carbon atom is tightly bound to the remaining three carbon atoms in the form of covalent bonds. The unit cell structure accurately reflects the microscopic periodicity and structural symmetry of diamond. This unique unit cell structure gives diamond the largest atomic number density (176 atoms/nm³) and the smallest compressibility in nature, making it the hardest substance in the world and showing excellent performance in many fields such as thermal, electrical, and optical.
Currently, the mainstream diamond synthesis technologies include high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The HPHT method is limited by the volume of high-pressure equipment and has great limitations in increasing crystal size, so it is often used for the synthesis of small-sized diamonds. Moreover, a catalyst needs to be introduced to promote nucleation during the synthesis process, which makes it difficult to effectively reduce impurities within diamond.
In comparison, the CVD method has a larger effective growth space, and the purity of the raw materials used is higher, and the purity of the synthesized diamond is higher, especially in the doping process. CVD diamond is mainly divided into CVD thin films (conventional diamond film, nano diamond film, thickness less than 50μm) and self-supporting thick films (single crystal diamond and polycrystalline diamond). According to the synthesis technology, it can be subdivided into microwave-assisted type (MPCVD), hot wire type (HFCVD) and direct current type (DCCVD).
The basic principle of hot wire chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) is that in a vacuum chamber, catalytic cracking occurs after the reaction gas collides with the high-temperature metal wire, generating a variety of highly active 'uncharged' groups. Carbon atoms are deposited on the substrate material, thereby forming nanodiamonds. This method has simple equipment operation, low growth cost, easy implementation of industrial production, and wide application. However, due to the low thermal decomposition efficiency and serious metal atom contamination from the filament and electrodes, HFCVD can usually only prepare polycrystalline diamond films whose grain boundaries contain a large amount of sp² phase carbon impurities, and their appearance is generally gray-black.
Microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) uses a magnetron or solid-state source to generate microwaves of a specific frequency, which are fed into the reaction cavity through a waveguide, and a stable standing wave is formed above the substrate based on the special geometric dimensions of the reaction cavity. The highly focused electromagnetic field breaks down the reaction gas, causing methane and hydrogen to form a stable plasma ball. Rich in electrons, ions, and carbon active ion groups, they nucleate and grow on the substrate under appropriate temperature and pressure conditions, promoting the slow growth of diamond epitaxy. Compared with HFCVD, MPCVD avoids the contamination of the diamond film by hot metal wire evaporation, effectively improves the purity of the diamond film, and can use more types of reactive gases in the process. The deposited diamond single crystal is purer than natural diamond, and can be used to prepare optical grade diamond single crystal/polycrystalline windows, electronic grade diamond single crystal, etc. However, microwave plasma can cause damage to certain types of substrates (such as organic materials), which limits the types of substrates that can be used for MPCVD to a certain extent, making it less versatile than other CVD methods. In addition, the complexity and manufacturing cost of MPCVD equipment are high. Its structural forms mainly include quartz tube type, quartz bell type, etc. Each structure has its unique advantages and limitations.
1. Optical applications: Diamond has the widest transmission spectrum among all current solid materials, extending from 225nm in the ultraviolet to 25μm in the infrared (except for wavelengths 1.8μm - 2.5μm), and has excellent transmittance up to the microwave range. Based on its excellent optical properties, as well as strong resistance to radiation damage, high hardness, high thermal conductivity, high chemical stability and low expansion coefficient, diamond has become an ideal material for making modern infrared optical windows and is widely used in laser windows, high-power microwave windows, Raman laser and other fields. In addition, diamond, as a crystalline Raman material with excellent performance, has the largest Raman frequency shift (1332.3cm⁻¹) among known crystal materials, and the Raman gain linewidth at room temperature is approximately 1.5cm⁻¹. Due to its ultra-fast heat dissipation ability, it can still maintain high Raman gain under high-power operation and achieve high-beam quality laser output.
2. Electrical applications: Diamond has very excellent electrical properties, with a bandgap of up to 5.5eV, a thermal conductivity of up to 22W/(cm·K), room temperature electron and hole mobility as high as 4500cm²/(v·S) and 3800cm²/(v·S) respectively, a resistivity of more than 1×10¹²Ω·m, and a dielectric constant of 5.5. It can be used as a detector material in extremely harsh radiation environments. Based on multiple excellent performance parameters such as high voltage resistance, high radio frequency, low cost, low power loss and high temperature resistance, CVD diamond is regarded as the most potential material for preparing the next generation of high power, high frequency and high efficiency electronic devices, and is known as the 'ultimate semiconductor' material. In addition, because diamond has a large exciton binding energy (about 80meV), it can achieve high-intensity free exciton emission at room temperature (emission wavelength is about 235nm), and has great potential in preparing high-power deep ultraviolet light-emitting diodes. It also plays an important role in the development of extreme ultraviolet deep ultraviolet and high-energy particle detectors. With the continuous development of diamond semiconductor technology, in the future it is expected to break through bottlenecks such as n-type doping technology, large-size and high-quality single crystal preparation, and high-flatness and high-uniformity material epitaxy and post-processing processing technologies to achieve higher power performance diamond electronic devices and bring faster, lighter, and more convenient equipment to consumers. Diamond semiconductor devices are more durable, thinner, and more efficient than silicon chips. Diamond-based electronic products are likely to become the industry standard for energy-efficient electronic products and have a profound impact on high-tech industries and high-tech products such as supercomputers, advanced radar and telecommunications systems, ultra-efficient hybrid vehicles, electronic equipment in extreme environments, and next-generation aerospace electronic equipment.
3. Acoustic applications: Diamond’s low density and high Young’s modulus make it a high-performance high-frequency acoustic material. It maintains perfect vibration motion without distortion at frequencies up to 70kHz, achieving near-perfect sound reproduction. In addition, diamond has the highest surface acoustic wave speed and is a high-quality material for surface acoustic wave filters, which can effectively improve the filtering frequency and power handling capacity. In the field of acoustics, diamond is mainly used in high-fidelity speakers, surface acoustic wave devices, acoustic sensors, etc. For example, high-fidelity audio pursues realistic sound effects. The richer the overtone frequencies, the more realistic the sound. The general frequency range of human hearing is 16 - 20kHz, and the frequency response of the diamond tweeter has reached 60kHz, which is far beyond the range of human hearing. As a sound reproduction device, its frequency response range should be larger than the actual hearing range. The diamond horn diaphragm used for high-frequency speakers plays a vital role in the integrity of the sound.
4. Thermal application: Diamond has the highest thermal conductivity (2200W/(m·K)) among currently known natural substances, which is 4 times larger than silicon carbide (SiC), 13 times larger than silicon (Si), 43 times larger than gallium arsenide (GaAs), and 4-5 times that of copper and silver. It also has a low thermal expansion coefficient (0.8×10⁻⁶- 1.5×10⁻⁶K⁻¹) and high elastic modulus and other excellent properties. This shows that it has good shape retention ability during the process of thermal expansion and cooling contraction, making it a crucial thermal management material to solve heat dissipation problems. Typical thermal applications include diamond-reinforced metal packaging materials (Dianmond/Cu, Diamond/Al) and GaN device diamond heat sink substrates. Diamond-reinforced metal-based packaging materials have been commercialized, and their thermal conductivity can reach 350 - 600W / (m・K). As the price of artificial diamond has dropped significantly, the price per unit volume of diamond particles has been close to or even lower than refractory metals such as W and Mo, creating necessary conditions for large-scale production. The combination of extremely high thermal conductivity and electrical insulation properties makes diamond the heat sink of choice for many high power density devices. Heat dissipation at laser diode junctions was one of the early applications of CVD diamond. Recently, the integration of CVD diamond with GaN has become possible on the wafer scale, enabling higher power densities at radio frequencies.
5. Mechanical applications: Due to the small radius of carbon atoms, the covalent bonds formed between carbon atoms have large bond energy, small bond length, and high stability, making diamond the hardest substance known in nature (approximately 1×10⁴kg/mm²). The hardness is 5 times that of GaN, 3-4 times that of SiC, and 10 times that of Si. Diamond is widely used in industrial production and processing processes. It can be used as tool bits, oil drilling bits or exploration drill bits, and superhard abrasives for cutting various hard and brittle materials and high-hardness and high-toughness metal materials. At the same time, because of its extremely low friction coefficient, it can be used to make metal wire drawing dies, etc., and is known as the 'industrial tooth'. Precision or ultra-precision turning tools are one of the successful applications of CVD single crystal diamond as a cutting material. Single crystal diamond has no internal grain boundaries and can be processed to achieve extremely high flatness and sharpness; through the ultra-smooth surface of the tool and the defect-free secondary cutting edge, extremely low surface roughness can be obtained to achieve a mirror processing effect. It is widely used in processing ultra-precision mirror parts such as reflectors for nuclear reactors and precision optical instruments, computer hard drives, and can also be used to process daily office or daily necessities such as copy machine rollers and contact lenses. In addition, surgical tools made of CVD single crystal diamond have small damage to the surgical site and easy wound healing due to their biocompatibility and other characteristics. They are often used in fields such as ophthalmology, neurosurgery, orthopedics and dentistry, and biological tissue sectioning.
6. Chemical applications: Diamond has good chemical stability and hardly reacts chemically with any acid or alkali under normal temperature and pressure conditions. This is due to the fact that the carbon atoms in it are connected to each other by stable covalent bonds. Good chemical inertness, non-magnetic properties, non-toxicity, lipophilic and hydrophobic properties, and biocompatibility make diamond have good application potential in the field of medical implants.
7. Electrochemical application: The electrochemical oxidation method using boron-doped diamond (BDD) as an electrode uses hydroxyl radicals (・OH) with strong oxidizing properties generated in water to quickly and efficiently degrade organic matter in sewage. This type of electrode has the widest electrochemical window, extremely high oxygen evolution potential, excellent chemical stability, and can operate continuously for a long time in strong acid, strong alkali, and high salt environments. It is expected to become the most potential organic wastewater treatment technology. Studies have shown that BDD is an environmentally friendly new electrode material. The electrochemical method used as an anode has shown good removal effects on complex and difficult industrial wastewater such as high salt, high COD, strong acid and alkali, high ammonia nitrogen, high toxicity and refractory chemicals in petrochemical, coking, medicine, pesticides, lithium batteries, chemical industry and other fields. Almost all of them can be completely mineralized. It is an environmentally friendly pollution control method, so it has received more and more attention. BDD electrode is a new type of efficient multi-functional electrode. Diamond's special sp³ bond structure and its conductivity after doping give BDD electrode excellent electrochemical properties. It has a wide electrochemical potential window and high oxygen evolution potential. The harder the oxygen evolution reaction occurs, the greater the probability of organic pollutants being oxidized at the anode, which can improve the efficiency of sewage treatment and reduce energy consumption; the low background current and double electric layer capacitance are conducive to the detection of trace pollutants in the electrolyte; the electrochemical performance is stable and corrosion-resistant, and it can maintain good stability and electrode activity under acidic, neutral, and alkaline conditions; it is not easily contaminated, has a self-cleaning effect, and the surface is not prone to 'poisoning' Pollution can maintain the performance of the electrode, and the 'reagent' of electrochemical oxidation is electrons. There is no need to add oxidants and there is no secondary pollution.
8. Application of diamond quantum technology: Diamond quantum technology provides potential solutions for the two key areas of biomedicine and quantum information economy in the 21st century. Nitrogen defects in diamond, namely nitrogen vacancy defects (NV), can exist stably at room temperature and are easy to integrate, making it an extremely excellent solid-state quantum system. Its unique properties allow quantum states to be manipulated and read out using lasers at room temperature. In quantum-based applications, artificial diamond acts as a host for impurities or defects, acting like a solid-state atomic trap. The quantum properties of these impurities, such as the spin state of the NV color center, can be manipulated individually and interact with each other. When the spin state of the NV color center is inverted using laser control, the energy level jumps and then radiates microwaves, thereby reading out their quantum information. Quantum information is based on quantum properties, such as quantum non-locality, entanglement, imprecise cloning, and quantum coherence. It can realize new information functions that cannot be achieved by existing information technology. For example, quantum communication can achieve absolutely safe information transmission, quantum computing can realize large number decomposition and extremely complex operations, and overcome existing cryptography systems. It has the ability to break through the limits of classical information systems and provides new principles and methods for the development of information science. The main goal of quantum information is to achieve absolutely secure and practical long-range quantum communication and a true quantum computer. At present, research on long-range quantum communication is approaching the practical stage. Quantum information is mainly divided into three aspects: quantum communication, quantum computing and quantum precision measurement. Diamond color centers have broad application prospects in the field of quantum information science. In addition, nanodiamond color centers can be used as drug delivery and targeting materials with labeling properties based on their properties.
9. Nano-diamond lubricating oil: Nano-diamond has a large surface area and is rich in functional groups on the surface. These characteristics make the surface have special adsorption properties and are prone to chemical reactions. Therefore, the treated spherical nano-diamond has good dispersion in lubricating oil. A large number of experiments have shown that adding one thousandth of a spherical nanodiamond to lubricating oil can effectively improve the anti-wear and shock-absorbing effect of lubricating oil, and can be widely used in various mechanical structures.
4. Blue Diamond Core Technology
Compared with the preparation of the few BDD materials currently, blue diamond core materials have more stringent process flow and quality standards, and are the leader in BDD. With its excellent comprehensive performance, 'blue diamond core' is not only comparable to natural blue diamonds in terms of value and quality, but also sets a new benchmark in the field of material science. As the king of the material world, blue diamond core exhibits a series of amazing and outstanding properties: the band gap of its semiconductor material is as high as 5.5eV, which is at the leading level in the industry; its ultra-wide electrochemical window is twice that of platinum, showing super electrochemical activity; in addition, at room temperature, its thermal conductivity is 5 times that of copper, with extremely excellent thermal conductivity; and in terms of hardness, blue diamond core is 10 times that of corundum, showing extremely high wear resistance. In addition, the material also has multiple advantages such as excellent corrosion resistance, radiation resistance and good biocompatibility, making it an ideal choice for many high-tech applications.
In addition, after more than ten years of painstaking research and development and technology accumulation, scientists have mastered the ultra-large-area artificial blue diamond core growth technology and nanocrystal nucleation technology, making the blue diamond core material have the size effect, surface effect, quantum effect and interface effect of nanoparticles, etc., showing properties in mechanics, electricity, optics and other aspects that conventional materials do not have. In addition, the blue diamond core also has high strength, good toughness and ductility, and can play a significant role in strengthening and toughening. At the same time, its surface is smooth and the friction coefficient is small. These characteristics make it have unique application advantages in many fields such as high-power and high-frequency chips, sensors, and electrode materials.
In addition, limited by electrode materials, general electrolysis can only decompose hydrogen and oxygen from water. As a super electrode, blue diamond core uses the above-mentioned 'electrochemical application' method and its ultra-wide electrochemical window, which can instantly electrolyze water molecules (H2O) and easily reconstruct OH0 (hydroxyl radical), O3 (trioxygen), O0 (oxygen atom), H2 (hydrogen) and O2 (oxygen) - BLUAMEC water molecule reconstruction technology. This technology is effectively used in areas related to oxygen and hydrogen ends. Such as OH0, O3, and O0 at the oxygen end. These factors have strong oxidizing properties. We call them 'blue diamond oxygen-rich factors'. Their function is to use their strong oxidizing properties to react with the lipid double bonds in the bacterial cell wall, penetrate into the bacteria, and act on proteins and lipopolysaccharides. It changes the permeability of cells and leads to the death of bacteria, which means it has broad-spectrum sterilization ability. Secondly, the blue diamond oxygen-rich factor can also oxidize and decompose odor-causing substances, such as ammonia, methyl mercaptan, hydrogen sulfide, etc., and convert them into harmless components, such as CO2, H2O, etc., thereby eliminating odors. In addition to sterilization and deodorization, Blue Diamond Oxygen Enrichment Factor also has the functions of removing pesticide residues from fruits and vegetables and preserving food freshness. What is particularly valuable is that after successfully completing the tasks of disinfection, deodorization and pesticide residues, Blue Diamond's oxygen-rich factor will decompose into water and oxygen without leaving any traces on the surface of the object. It is safe, non-toxic and has no harmful by-products. This feature is difficult to match for all chemically added disinfection and deodorization products.
It is particularly emphasized that the redox potential of OH0 is 2.80V, second only to fluorine (F) at 2.87V, and the redox potential of O3 is 2.07V. If you want to electrolyze high ORP substances such as OH0 and O3 in water, you have extremely strict requirements on the anti-oxidation properties of the electrode material itself. Even noble platinum cannot meet the requirements. The blue diamond core itself is the most oxidation-resistant material and can maintain stable and efficient operation for a long time in harsh working environments.
DEPOSON Debaishun Blue Diamond Core Technology aims to become an innovative pioneer in the multi-functional application of diamond materials, photoelectric, acoustic and thermal, and lead the development trend of the industry. With its outstanding technological innovation capabilities and unremitting spirit of exploration, it has contributed key forces to the pioneering development of my country's diamond application field and helped my country occupy a leading position in the global materials science competition. At the same time, we actively carry out international cooperation, work hand in hand with related industries around the world, share technological achievements and practical experience, promote the coordinated development of the global diamond industry, create more value for the scientific and technological progress of human society and improve life, and let diamond materials shine brighter in the journey of human development.
